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14 de diciembre de 2024
LLAMEN A BATMAN
La misteriosa brújula interna de los murciélagos miércoles 10 de diciembre de 2014 15:50 En vuelo, a plena luz del día.
Un grupo de científicos publica hoy en la revista "Nature" nuevos detalles sobre el funcionamiento del sistema de orientación del cerebro de los murciélagos, una "brújula interna" similar a la que utilizan el resto de mamíferos, incluidos los seres humanos. El sistema de los murciélagos tiene capacidad para trabajar en tres dimensiones y otorga una orientación precisa en cada momento que les permite guiarse en entornos complejos y reconocer si se encuentran en posición vertical cabeza arriba o cabeza abajo. "La importancia de este estudio radica en que muchos mamíferos necesitan este mismo sistema en tres dimensiones para moverse por entornos complejos. Los monos al colgarse de los árboles y los seres humanos para ubicarse en el metro o pilotar un avión", explicó a Efe Arseny Finkelstein, científico del Instituto de Ciencia Weizmann de la ciudad de Rejovot, en Israel. Mientras que animales como los roedores se orientan en base a estímulos simples, que no necesitan interpretación, como el olfato o el tacto, los murciélagos y los humanos utilizan principalmente sentidos más complejos, como la visión o la ecolocalización -en el caso de los murciélagos-, que requieren una mayor elaboración. Según Finkelstein, "esto significa que el sistema de orientación de los murciélagos está muy cerca del de los seres humanos". "Una de las razones más comunes de accidentes de aviación es el vértigo, la condición por la que el piloto pierde el sentido de la dirección y no sabe diferenciar entre arriba y abajo", explicó el investigador. Finkelstein continuó explicando que esto "puede ser causado en parte por un fallo en la brújula interna en tres dimensiones, por lo que en un futuro este estudio puede ser importante para el desarrollo de los protocolos de prevención de los accidentes de aviación". El siguiente paso en este estudio será entender los fracasos que se experimentan en este sistema, por ejemplo, cuando una persona sale de una estación de metro concurrida y pierde temporalmente el sentido de la orientación. "Sentimos esa desorientación hasta que nuestro mapa mental gira y se vuelve a alinear de nuevo, haciendo que recuperemos el sentido de dónde nos encontramos", relata el estudio publicado en Nature. Para investigar el sistema de orientación de los murciélagos, los científicos desarrollaron un aparato que les permitió hacer un seguimiento en vídeo de los tres ángulos de rotación de la cabeza de los murciélagos. Además, se utilizó un dispositivo de grabación neuronal inalámbrico, que pesa solo unos gramos y se conecta al animal antes de empezar el experimento, lo que permite la monitorización de su actividad cerebral mientras vuela. La combinación del dispositivo de grabación neuronal con el seguimiento de orientación del murciélago en vuelo permitió correlacionar la actividad cerebral con la orientación en tres dimensiones del murciélago.
(EFE)